Ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo me ka waikawa

ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa ka wai hoʻoheheʻe me ka waiwai pH ma lalo o 6. Wahi a nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano o nā waikawa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa inorganic a me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa organik. Wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa ikaika a me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa nāwaliwali; Wai hoʻoheheʻe Monoacid a me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe polyacid; Wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa haʻahaʻa a me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa maʻamau, me ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi waikawa, pinepine pū kekahi i nā ion metala kaumaha a me ko lākou mau paʻakai a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa mai nā kumu like ʻole, me ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka mine, hydrometallurgy, steel rolling, surface acid treatment of steel and non-ferrous metals, chemical industrial, acid production, dyes, electrolysis, electroplating, artificial fibers and other industrial substances. ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa maʻamau ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa sulfuric, ukali ʻia e ka hydrochloric acid a me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa nitric. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, kokoke ʻo Kina e hoʻokuʻu i kahi miliona cubic mika o ka ʻōpala ʻoihana waikawa, inā e hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia kēia mau wai hoʻoheheʻe me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana, e hōʻino ia i nā pipelines, e hōʻino i nā mea kanu, e hōʻino i nā iʻa, e hōʻino i nā moku, a e luku i ke olakino o ke kaiapuni. Pono e mālama ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa ʻoihana e hoʻokō i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu aupuni ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hiki ke hana hou ʻia a hoʻohana hou ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa. I ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōpala waikawa, hiki ke koho ʻia nā ʻano hana e like me ka mālama ʻana i ka paʻakai, ke ʻano hoʻohuihui, ke ʻano hoʻopau kemika, ke ʻano unuhi, ke ʻano resin hoʻololi ion, ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale membrane, a pēlā aku.

1. hana hou ʻana i ka paʻakai

ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka salting out, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka wai paʻakai i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea haumia organik āpau i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala. Eia nō naʻe, e hana kēia ʻano hana i ka waikawa hydrochloric a hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka waikawa sulfuric i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala, no laila ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ka paʻakai ʻana i nā mea haumia organik i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala me ka hopena saturated sodium bisulphate.
Aia i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala ka waikawa sulfuric a me nā mea haumia organik like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi liʻiliʻi o ka 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid a me nā isomers like ʻole ma mua o ka 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid i hana ʻia e toluene i ke kaʻina hana sulfonation, chlorination a me nitrification. ʻO ke ʻano paʻakai, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka wai paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea haumia organik āpau i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala. ʻAʻole hiki i ke ʻano hana hou ʻana o ka paʻakai ke wehe wale i nā mea haumia organik like ʻole i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala, akā hoʻihoʻi pū i ka waikawa sulfuric e hoʻokomo i loko o ka hana pōʻaiapuni, e mālama ana i ke kumukūʻai a me ka ikehu.

2. Ke ʻano hoʻomoʻa

Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano kālua ʻana i ka waikawa volatile e like me ka hydrochloric acid, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka hopena ma o ka kālua ʻana e hoʻokō ai i ka hopena hoʻōla.

3. Ke ʻano hoʻopau kemika

ʻO ke ʻano hana waikawa-kumu kumu o H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O he kumu koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino me ka waikawa. ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino me ka waikawa e pili ana i ka neutralization a me ka hana hou ʻana, ka neutralization like ʻana o ka wai ʻino me ka waikawa, ka neutralization lāʻau lapaʻau, ka neutralization kānana, a pēlā aku. I nā lā mua o kekahi mau ʻoihana hao a me ke kila ma Kina, ua hoʻohana ka hapa nui o lākou i ke ʻano o ka neutralization waikawa-kumu e mālama i ka wai ʻōpala o ka hydrochloric acid a me ka sulfuric acid pickling, i hiki ai i ka waiwai pH ke hōʻea i ke kūlana hoʻokuʻu. ʻO ka sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide, limestone a i ʻole ka lime ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka neutralization acid-kumu, ʻo ka hoʻohana maʻamau he mea kūʻai ʻole, maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i ka lime.

4. Ke ʻano unuhi

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale wai-wai, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale solvent, he hana ʻāpana e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka solubility o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka wai maka i loko o ka solvent kūpono e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. I ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo me ka waikawa, pono e hoʻopili piha i ka wai hoʻoneoneo me ka waikawa a me ka solvent organik, i hiki ai ke hoʻoili ʻia nā haumia i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala i ka solvent. ʻO nā koi extractant: (1) no ka mea he inert ka waikawa ʻōpala, ʻaʻole ia e hana kemika me ka waikawa ʻōpala, a ʻaʻole hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala; (2) Loaʻa i nā haumia i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala kahi coefficient mahele kiʻekiʻe i ka extractant a me ka waikawa sulfuric; (3) He haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai a maʻalahi ke loaʻa; (4) Maʻalahi e hoʻokaʻawale mai nā haumia, liʻiliʻi ka pohō i ka wā e wehe ai. ʻO nā extractants maʻamau e komo pū me ka benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), phenols (creosote crude diphenol), halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether a me N-503.

5. ke ʻano hana resin hoʻololi ion

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala waikawa organik me ka resin hoʻololi ion, ʻo ia ka hiki i kekahi mau resins hoʻololi ion ke omo i nā waikawa organik mai ka hopena waikawa ʻōpala a kāpae i nā waikawa inorganic a me nā paʻakai metala e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā waikawa a me nā paʻakai like ʻole.

6. ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale membrane

No ka wai ʻōpala waikawa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano mālama membrane e like me ka dialysis a me ka electrodialysis. Hoʻohana nui ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka membrane o ka waikawa ʻōpala i ke kumumanaʻo o ka dialysis, ka mea i hoʻokele ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa o ka nui. Hana ʻia ka hāmeʻa holoʻokoʻa me ka membrane dialysis diffusion, ka papa hoʻokaʻawale wai, ka papa hoʻoikaika, ka papa kahe wai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hoʻokō i ka hopena hoʻokaʻawale ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea i loko o ka wai ʻōpala.

7. ke ʻano hoʻolulu crystallization

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻolulu crystallization kahi ʻano hana e hoʻemi ai i ka mahana o ka hopena a hoʻoheheʻe i ka solute. Hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana mālama ʻōpala waikawa e hoʻolulu ʻia nā mea haumia i loko o ka waikawa ʻōpala e hoʻihoʻi i ka hopena waikawa e hoʻokō i nā koi a hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka waikawa sulfuric ʻōpala i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kaʻina holoi acyl o kahi wili wili he nui ka nui o ka ferrous sulfate, kahi i mālama ʻia e ke kaʻina hana o ka concentration-crystallization a me ka kānana. Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana o ka ferrous sulfate ma o ka kānana, hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka waikawa i ke kaʻina hana pickling kila no ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻohana.

He nui nā noi ʻoihana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka crystallization, i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e ke kaʻina hana pickling i ka hana metala. I ke kaʻina hana o ke kila a me ka hana mechanical, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hopena sulfuric acid e wehe i ka ʻōpala ma ka ʻili metala. No laila, hiki i ka hana hou ʻana o ka waikawa ʻōpala ke hōʻemi nui i nā kumukūʻai a pale i ke kaiapuni. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka crystallization i ka ʻoihana e hoʻokō i kēia kaʻina hana.

8. Ke ʻano hana hoʻomakeʻe

Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ʻo ke kumumanaʻo, ʻo ia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea haumia organik i loko o ka ʻōpala sulfuric acid e nā mea oxidizing ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, i hiki ai ke hoʻololi ʻia i carbon dioxide, wai, nitrogen oxides, a pēlā aku, a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka sulfuric acid, i hiki ai ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ʻōpala sulfuric acid. ʻO nā oxidants i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, hypochlorous acid, nitrate, ozone a pēlā aku. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia oxidizer kona mau pono a me nā palena.