Kemika a me ke kaʻina hana no ka wehe ʻana i ka ammonia nitrogen mai ka wai

1. He aha ka naikokene ammonia?

ʻO ka ammonia nitrogen e pili ana i ka ammonia ma ke ʻano o ka ammonia manuahi (a i ʻole ka ammonia non-ionic, NH3) a i ʻole ka ionic ammonia (NH4+). ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pH a me ka nui o ka ammonia manuahi; Ma ke ʻano ʻē, kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka paʻakai ammonium.

He meaʻai ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka wai, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka eutrophication o ka wai, a ʻo ia ka mea haumia nui e hoʻopau ana i ka oxygen i loko o ka wai, he mea ʻawahia i nā iʻa a me kekahi mau meaola wai.

ʻO ka hopena ʻino nui o ka ammonia nitrogen i nā meaola wai he ammonia manuahi, nona ka ʻawahia he mau ʻumi manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka paʻakai ammonium, a hoʻonui ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka alkalinity. Pili loa ka ʻawahia o ka ammonia nitrogen i ka waiwai pH a me ka mahana wai o ka wai loko, ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai pH a me ka mahana wai, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻawahia.

ʻElua mau ʻano hana colorimetric kokoke i ka ʻike i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻoholo ai i ka ammonia ʻo ia ke ʻano hana reagent Nessler maʻamau a me ke ʻano phenol-hypochlorite. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Titrations a me nā ʻano uila e hoʻoholo ai i ka ammonia; Ke kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano titration distillation. (ʻO nā kūlana aupuni e komo pū me ke ʻano reagent a Nath, ka spectrophotometry acid salicylic, distillation - titration method)

2. Ke kaʻina hana wehe naikokene kino a me ke kemika

① Ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe MAP, ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka magnesium a me ka phosphoric acid a i ʻole ka hydrogen phosphate i ka wai hoʻoneʻe e loaʻa ana ka ammonia nitrogen, i hiki ai i ka NH4+ i loko o ka wai hoʻoneʻe ke hana me Mg+ a me PO4- i loko o kahi hopena wai e hana ai i ka ammonium magnesium phosphate precipitation, ʻo ke ʻano molekala ʻo MgNH4P04.6H20, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana i ka ammonia nitrogen. ʻO ka magnesium ammonium phosphate, i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo struvite, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he compost, mea hoʻohui lepo a i ʻole ka mea pale ahi no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā huahana kūkulu. Penei ka hoʻohālikelike hopena:

Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = MgNH4P04

ʻO nā kumu nui e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hopena mālama ʻana o ka hoʻoheheʻe kemika ʻo ia ka waiwai pH, ka mahana, ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen a me ka ratio molar (n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)). Hōʻike nā hopena i ka wā he 10 ka waiwai pH a he 1.2:1:1.2 ka ratio molar o ka magnesium, nitrogen a me ka phosphorus, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena mālama.

Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka magnesium chloride a me ka disodium hydrogen phosphate ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe, hōʻike nā hopena e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena lapaʻau ke 9.5 ka waiwai pH a ʻo 1.2:1:1 ka lakio molar o ka magnesium, nitrogen a me ka phosphorus.

Hōʻike nā hopena he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o MgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 ma mua o nā hui pū ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe. Ke 10.0 ka waiwai pH, ʻo 30℃ ka mahana, n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)= 1:1:1, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana no 30 minuke mai 222mg/L ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i 17mg/L, a ʻo ka helu wehe he 92.3%.

Ua hui pū ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika a me ke ʻano membrane wai no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe. Ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe, ua hōʻea ka helu wehe ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen i 98.1%, a laila ua hōʻemi ka mālama hou ʻana me ke ʻano ʻili wai i ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen i 0.005g/L, e hōʻea ana i ke kūlana hoʻokuʻu papa mua o ka ʻāina.

Ua noiʻi ʻia ka hopena wehe ʻana o nā iona metala divalent (Ni+, Mn+, Zn+, Cu+, Fe+) ʻē aʻe ma mua o Mg+ ma ka nitrogen ammonia ma lalo o ka hana a ka phosphate. Ua hāpai ʻia kahi kaʻina hana hou o ka CaSO4 precipitation-MAP precipitation no ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonium sulfate. Hōʻike nā hopena hiki ke pani ʻia ka mea hoʻoponopono NaOH kuʻuna e ka lime.

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika, ʻo ia ka wā e kiʻekiʻe ai ka nui o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ammonia nitrogen, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe, e like me ke ʻano olaola, ke ʻano chlorination break point, ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale membrane, ke ʻano hoʻololi ion, a pēlā aku. I kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika no ka mālama mua ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika, a ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia e ka mahana, a maʻalahi ka hana. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka sludge precipitated i loaʻa ka magnesium ammonium phosphate ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻouluulu hui e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōpala, a pēlā e uku ai i kahi hapa o ke kumukūʻai; Inā hiki ke hui pū ʻia me kekahi mau ʻoihana ʻoihana e hana ana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe phosphate a me nā ʻoihana e hana ana i ka brine paʻakai, hiki iā ia ke mālama i nā kumukūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka noi nui.

ʻO ka hemahema o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika, ʻo ia ka palena o ka huahana solubility o ka ammonium magnesium phosphate, ma hope o ka hiki ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo i kahi ʻano kikoʻī, ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena wehe a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke kumukūʻai hoʻokomo. No laila, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kemika me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe i kūpono no ka mālama holomua. Nui ka nui o ka reagent i hoʻohana ʻia, nui ka sludge i hana ʻia, a kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai mālama. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā ion chloride a me ke koena phosphorus i ka wā o ka dosing o nā kemika hiki ke hana maʻalahi i ka haumia lua.

Mea Hana a me ka Mea Hoʻolako Kūʻai Nui o ka Aluminium Sulfate | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

Mea Hana a me ka Mea Hoʻolako Dibasic Sodium Phosphate Kūʻai Nui | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

②ʻano hana puhi

ʻO ke ʻano puhi ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen, ʻo ia ke hoʻololi i ka pH i alkaline, i hoʻololi ʻia ka ammonia ion i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i ammonia, no laila e kū nui ana ma ke ʻano o ka ammonia manuahi, a laila lawe ʻia ka ammonia manuahi mai loko mai o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ma o ke kinoea lawe, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana i ka ammonia nitrogen. ʻO nā mea nui e pili ana i ka pono o ka puhi ʻana, ʻo ia ka pH, ka mahana, ka lakio kinoea-wai, ka nui o ke kahe kinoea, ka nui mua, a pēlā aku. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano puhi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe me ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen.

Ua aʻo ʻia ka wehe ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen mai ka leachate landfill ma ke ʻano blow-off. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā kumu nui e kāohi ana i ka pono o ka blow-off ʻo ia ka mahana, ka lakio kinoea-wai a me ka waiwai pH. Ke ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka wai ma mua o 2590, ma kahi o 3500 ka lakio kinoea-wai, a ma kahi o 10.5 ka pH, hiki i ka helu wehe ke piʻi aʻe ma mua o 90% no ka leachate landfill me ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen e like me 2000-4000mg/L. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka wā pH = 11.5, ʻo ka mahana wehe he 80cC a ʻo ka manawa wehe he 120min, hiki i ka helu wehe o ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo ke hiki i 99.2%.

Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka pono o ka puhi ʻana o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ammonia nitrogen kiʻekiʻe e ka hale kiaʻi puhi countercurrent. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua piʻi ka pono o ka puhi ʻana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka waiwai pH. ʻO ka nui o ka lakio kinoea-wai, ʻo ka nui o ka ikaika hoʻokele o ka hoʻoili nuipa ʻana o ka ammonia, a piʻi pū ka pono o ka wehe ʻana.

He kūpono ka wehe ʻana i ka ammonia nitrogen ma ke ʻano puhi, maʻalahi e hana a maʻalahi hoʻi e kaohi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ammonia nitrogen i puhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomoʻa me ka waikawa sulfuric, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kālā sulfuric acid i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻouluulu. ʻO ke ʻano puhi-off kahi ʻenehana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i ka nitrogen kino a me ke kemika i kēia manawa. Eia nō naʻe, he mau hemahema ke ʻano puhi-off, e like me ka scaling pinepine i loko o ka hale kiaʻi puhi-off, ka haʻahaʻa o ka pono o ka wehe ʻana i ka ammonia nitrogen ma ka mahana haʻahaʻa, a me ka haumia lua i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kinoea puhi-off. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ke ʻano puhi-off me nā ʻano hana mālama wai ʻino ammonia nitrogen ʻē aʻe e mālama mua i ka wai ʻino ammonia nitrogen kiʻekiʻe.

③Ka hoʻokalaka ʻana i ka wahi haki

ʻO ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana i ka ammonia ma o ka chlorination break point, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ke kinoea chlorine me ka ammonia e hana i ke kinoea naikokene ʻino ʻole, a pakele ʻo N2 i ka lewa, e hoʻomau ana ke kumu o ka hopena i ka ʻākau. ʻO ke ʻano hana:

HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)

Ke hoʻoili ʻia ke kinoea chlorine i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo i kekahi wahi, haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka chlorine manuahi i loko o ka wai, a ʻo ka nui o ka ammonia he ʻole. Ke hala ka nui o ke kinoea chlorine i ke kiko, e piʻi ka nui o ka chlorine manuahi i loko o ka wai, no laila, ua kapa ʻia ke kiko ʻo ia ka haki kiko, a ʻo ka chlorination ma kēia kūlana ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka haki kiko chlorination.

Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano chlorination break point e mālama ai i ka wai ʻino ma hope o ka puhi ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen, a ua hoʻopilikia pololei ʻia ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana e ke kaʻina hana puhi ammonia nitrogen pretreatment. Ke wehe ʻia ka 70% o ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka wai ʻino ma ke kaʻina hana puhi a laila mālama ʻia e ka chlorination break point, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka effluent ma mua o 15mg/L. Ua lawe ʻo Zhang Shengli et al. i ka wai ʻino ammonia nitrogen i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o 100mg/L ma ke ʻano he mea noiʻi, a ua hōʻike nā hopena noiʻi ʻo nā mea nui a me nā mea lua e pili ana i ka wehe ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen ma o ka oxidation o ka sodium hypochlorite ʻo ia ka lakio nui o ka chlorine i ka ammonia nitrogen, ka manawa hana, a me ka waiwai pH.

ʻO ke ʻano hana chlorination break point he kiʻekiʻe ka pono o ka wehe ʻana i ka nitrogen, hiki i ka helu wehe ke piʻi i ka 100%, a hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka ammonia i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo i ka ʻole. Paʻa ka hopena a ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka mahana; ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā lako hoʻopukapuka kālā, pane wikiwiki a piha; Loaʻa iā ia ka hopena o ka sterilization a me ka disinfection ma ke kino wai. ʻO ka laulā o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke ʻano chlorination break point, ʻo ia ka nui o ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen ma lalo o 40mg/L, no laila hoʻohana nui ʻia ke ʻano chlorination break point no ka mālama holomua ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen. Kiʻekiʻe ke koi o ka hoʻohana palekana a me ka mālama ʻana, kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai o ka mālama ʻana, a ʻo nā huahana by-products chloramines a me nā chlorinated organics e hoʻoulu i ka haumia lua.

④ʻano hana hoʻomakeʻe catalytic

ʻO ke ʻano oxidation catalytic ma o ka hana a ka mea hoʻouluulu, ma lalo o kekahi mahana a me ke kaomi, ma o ka oxidation ea, hiki ke oxidized a decomposed nā mea olaola a me ka ammonia i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea ʻino ʻole e like me CO2, N2 a me H2O, e hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

ʻO nā mea e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hopena o ka oxidation catalytic he mau ʻano catalyst, mahana, manawa hana, waiwai pH, ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen, kaomi, ka ikaika o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a pēlā aku.

Ua aʻo ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka nitrogen ammonia ozonated. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka wā i piʻi ai ka waiwai pH, ua hana ʻia kahi ʻano radical HO me ka hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia, a ua wikiwiki loa ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopau ʻia. Hōʻike nā haʻawina e hiki i ka ozone ke hoʻopau i ka nitrogen ammonia i nitrite a me ka nitrite i nitrate. Ke emi nei ka nui o ka nitrogen ammonia i loko o ka wai me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka manawa, a ʻo ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka nitrogen ammonia ma kahi o 82%. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo CuO-Mn02-Ce02 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻouluulu hui e mālama i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe nitrogen ammonia. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka hana hoʻopau ʻia o ka mea hoʻouluulu hui hou i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, a ʻo nā kūlana hana kūpono he 255 ℃, 4.2MPa a me pH = 10.8. I ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe nitrogen ammonia me ka nui mua o 1023mg/L, hiki i ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka nitrogen ammonia ke hiki i 98% i loko o 150min, e hōʻea ana i ke kūlana hoʻokuʻu lua aupuni (50mg/L).

Ua noiʻi ʻia ka hana catalytic o ka zeolite i kākoʻo ʻia e TiO2 photocatalyst ma ke aʻo ʻana i ka helu hōʻino o ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka hopena sulfuric acid. Hōʻike nā hopena ʻo ka dosage kūpono o Ti02/ zeolite photocatalyst he 1.5g/L a ʻo ka manawa hana he 4h ma lalo o ka irradiation ultraviolet. Hiki i ka helu wehe ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen mai ka wai hoʻoneoneo ke hiki i 98.92%. Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena wehe ʻana o ka hao kiʻekiʻe a me ka nano-chin dioxide ma lalo o ke kukui ultraviolet ma ka phenol a me ka ammonia nitrogen. Hōʻike nā hopena ʻo ka helu wehe ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen he 97.5% ke hoʻopili ʻia ka pH=9.0 i ka hopena ammonia nitrogen me ka nui o 50mg/L, ʻo ia hoʻi he 7.8% a me 22.5% kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hao kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole Chine dioxide wale nō.

ʻO ke ʻano hana hoʻomakeʻe catalytic he mau pono o ka pono hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, ke kaʻina hana maʻalahi, ka liʻiliʻi o ka lalo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e mālama i ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka noi ʻana pehea e pale ai i ka nalowale o ka catalyst a me ka pale ʻana i ka pala o nā lako.

⑤ʻano hana hoʻomakeʻe electrochemical

ʻO ke ʻano oxidation electrochemical e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka electrooxidation me ka hana catalytic. ʻO nā mea e hoʻohuli nei i ka nui o ke au, ka nui o ke kahe ʻana o ke komo ʻana, ka manawa puka a me ka manawa hoʻonā kiko.

Ua aʻo ʻia ka hoʻomake electrochemical o ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia-nitrogen i loko o kahi cell electrolytic kahe e kaapuni ana, kahi i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka uila pūnaewele Ti/Ru02-TiO2-Ir02-SnO2 a ʻo ka maikaʻi ʻole ʻo ka uila pūnaewele Ti. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka wā he 400mg/L ka nui o ka ion chloride, ʻo ka nui mua o ka nitrogen ammonia he 40mg/L, ʻo ka nui o ke kahe ʻana o ka influent he 600mL/min, ʻo ka nui o ke au he 20mA/cm2, a ʻo ka manawa electrolytic he 90min, ʻo ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka nitrogen ammonia he 99.37%. Hōʻike ia he manaʻolana maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomake electrolytic o ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia-nitrogen.

3. Ke kaʻina hana wehe naikokene biochemical

①ka nitrification holoʻokoʻa a me ka denitrification

ʻO ka nitrification a me ka denitrification kaʻina holoʻokoʻa kahi ʻano hana olaola i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi i kēia manawa. Hoʻololi ia i ka nitrogen ammonia i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo i loko o ka nitrogen ma o kahi moʻo o nā hopena e like me ka nitrification a me ka denitrification ma lalo o ka hana a nā microorganism like ʻole, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo. Pono ke kaʻina hana o ka nitrification a me ka denitrification e wehe i ka nitrogen ammonia ma o ʻelua mau pae:

ʻO ka hopena nitrification: Hoʻopau ʻia ka hopena nitrification e nā microorganism autotrophic aerobic. I ke kūlana aerobic, hoʻohana ʻia ka naikokene inorganic ma ke ʻano he kumu naikokene e hoʻololi i ka NH4+ i NO2-, a laila hoʻopau ʻia i NO3-. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana nitrification i ʻelua mau pae. I ka lua o ka pae, hoʻololi ʻia ka nitrite i nitrate (NO3-) e nā bacteria nitrifying, a hoʻololi ʻia ka nitrite i nitrate (NO3-) e nā bacteria nitrifying.

ʻO ka hopena denitrification: ʻO ka hopena denitrification ke kaʻina hana e hōʻemi ai nā bacteria denitrifying i ka nitrite nitrogen a me ka nitrate nitrogen i ka gaseous nitrogen (N2) i ke kūlana o hypoxia. ʻO nā bacteria denitrifying he mau microorganism heterotrophic, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea no nā bacteria amphictic. I ke kūlana o hypoxia, hoʻohana lākou i ka oxygen i loko o ka nitrate ma ke ʻano he mea lawe electron a me nā mea organik (BOD i loko o ka wai ʻauʻau) ma ke ʻano he mea hāʻawi electron e hāʻawi i ka ikehu a hoʻomake ʻia a paʻa.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa nitrification a me nā noi ʻenekinia denitrification e pili nui ana iā AO, A2O, oxidation ditch, a pēlā aku, he ʻano hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana wehe naikokene olaola.

Loaʻa i ke ʻano hana nitrification a me denitrification holoʻokoʻa nā pono o ka hopena paʻa, ka hana maʻalahi, ʻaʻohe haumia lua a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa i kēia ʻano hana kekahi mau hemahema, e like me ka pono e hoʻohui ʻia ke kumu kalapona i ka wā e haʻahaʻa ai ka lakio C/N i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke koi mahana, haʻahaʻa ka pono ma ka mahana haʻahaʻa, nui ka wahi, nui ke koi oxygen, a ʻo kekahi mau mea ʻino e like me nā ion metala kaumaha he hopena kaomi i nā microorganism, pono e wehe ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke ʻano olaola. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nitrogen ammonia i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe he hopena pale pū kekahi i ke kaʻina hana nitrification. No laila, pono e hana mua ʻia ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe nitrogen ammonia kiʻekiʻe i mea e emi ai ka nui o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe nitrogen ammonia ma mua o 500mg/L. He kūpono ke ʻano olaola kuʻuna no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe nitrogen ammonia haʻahaʻa e loaʻa ana nā mea olaola, e like me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe home, ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kemika, a pēlā aku.

②ʻO ka nitrification a me ka denitrification i ka manawa like (SND)

Ke hoʻokō pū ʻia ka nitrification a me ka denitrification i loko o ka reactor hoʻokahi, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo ka simultaneous digestion denitrification (SND). Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo e ka wikiwiki o ka diffusion e hana i kahi gradient oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka ʻāpana microenvironment ma ka microbial floc a i ʻole biofilm, kahi e hana ai i ka dissolved oxygen gradient ma ka ʻili waho o ka microbial floc a i ʻole biofilm e kūpono ai i ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā bacteria nitrifying aerobic a me nā bacteria ammoniating. ʻO ka hohonu i loko o ka floc a i ʻole ka membrane, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hopena ana i kahi anoxic kahi e noho aliʻi ai nā bacteria denitrifying. Pēlā e hana ai i ke kaʻina hana digestion a me denitrification i ka manawa like. ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ka digestion a me ka denitrification i ka manawa like ʻo ia ka waiwai PH, ka mahana, ka alkalinity, ke kumu kalapona organik, ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka makahiki sludge.

Ua kū ka nitrification/denitrification i ka manawa like ma ka ʻauwai oxidation ʻo Carrousel, a ua emi mālie ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma waena o ka impeller aerated ma ka ʻauwai oxidation ʻo Carrousel, a ua haʻahaʻa ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka ʻauwai oxidation ʻo Carrousel ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao luna. ʻAneʻane like ka nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen nitrate ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ke kahawai, a ua haʻahaʻa loa ka nui o ka nitrogen ammonia ma ke kahawai, e hōʻike ana i ka hana like ʻana o nā hopena nitrification a me denitrification ma ke kahawai oxidation ʻo Carrousel.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino o ka home ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka CODCr, ʻoi aku ka piha o ka denitrification a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wehe ʻana o TN. He nui ka hopena o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka nitrification a me ka denitrification i ka manawa like. Ke kāohi ʻia ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma 0.5 ~ 2mg / L, maikaʻi ka hopena wehe ʻana o ka nitrogen holoʻokoʻa. I ka manawa like, mālama ke ʻano nitrification a me ka denitrification i ka reactor, hoʻopōkole i ka manawa hana, haʻahaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, mālama i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā, a maʻalahi hoʻi e mālama i ka waiwai pH paʻa.

③ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe pōkole a me ka denitrification

Ma ka reactor like, hoʻohana ʻia nā bacteria oxidizing ammonia e oxidize i ka ammonia i nitrite ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic, a laila denitrified pololei ʻia ka nitrite e hana i ka nitrogen me nā mea organik a i ʻole ke kumu kalapona waho ma ke ʻano he mea hāʻawi electron ma lalo o nā kūlana hypoxia. ʻO nā kumu hoʻohuli o ka nitrification pōkole a me ka denitrification he mahana, ammonia manuahi, waiwai pH a me ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

Ka hopena o ka mahana ma ka nitrification pōkole o ka wai ʻino o ke kūlanakauhale me ka ʻole o ka wai kai a me ka wai ʻino o ke kūlanakauhale me 30% wai kai. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua: no ka wai ʻino o ke kūlanakauhale me ka ʻole o ka wai kai, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana he mea kūpono ia no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka nitrification pōkole. Ke 30% ka nui o ka wai ʻino i loko o ka wai ʻino o ka home, hiki ke hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻia ka nitrification pōkole ma lalo o nā kūlana mahana waena. Ua hoʻomohala ke Kulanui ʻenehana ʻo Delft i ke kaʻina hana SHARON, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe (ma kahi o 30-4090) he mea kūpono ia no ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā bacteria nitrite, i nalowale ai ka hoʻokūkū o nā bacteria nitrite, ʻoiai ma ka kaohi ʻana i ka makahiki o ka sludge e hoʻopau i nā bacteria nitrite, i hiki ai i ka hopena nitrification ma ke kahua nitrite.

Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka pilina oxygen ma waena o ka bacteria nitrite a me ka bacteria nitrite, ua hoʻomohala ka Gent Microbial Ecology Laboratory i ke kaʻina hana OLAND e hoʻokō ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka nitrogen nitrite ma o ka kaohi ʻana i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻopau i ka bacteria nitrite.

Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻāʻo hoʻāʻo o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe coking ma o ka nitrification pōkole a me ka denitrification i ka wā e loaʻa ai ka nui o ka COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN a me ka phenol he 1201.6,510.4,540.1 a me 110.4mg/L, ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o ka effluent COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN a me ka phenol he 197.1,14.2,181.5 a me 0.4mg/L. ʻO nā helu wehe like he 83.6%, 97.2%, 66.4% a me 99.6%.

ʻAʻole hele ke kaʻina hana nitrification a me denitrification pōkole i ke kahua nitrate, e mālama ana i ke kumu kalapona e pono ai no ka wehe ʻana i ka naikokene olaola. Loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau pono no ka wai hoʻoheheʻe naikokene ammonia me ka lakio C/N haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa i ka nitrification a me denitrification pōkole nā ​​​​pono o ka sludge liʻiliʻi, ka manawa pane pōkole a me ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o ka reactor. Eia nō naʻe, pono ka nitrification a me denitrification pōkole i ka hōʻiliʻili paʻa a mau loa o ka nitrite, no laila pehea e kāohi pono ai i ka hana o nā bacteria nitrifying e lilo i kī.

④ ʻOki ʻana o ka ammonia anaerobic

ʻO ka ammoxidation Anaerobic kahi hana o ka oxidation pololei o ka ammonia nitrogen i ka nitrogen e nā bacteria autotrophic ma lalo o ke kūlana o hypoxia, me ka nitrous nitrogen a i ʻole ka nitrous nitrogen ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokipa electron.

Ua aʻo ʻia nā hopena o ka mahana a me ka PH ma ka hana olaola o anammoX. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena he 30 ℃ ka mahana hopena kūpono a he 7.8 ka waiwai pH. Ua aʻo ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka reactor ammoX anaerobic no ka mālama ʻana i ka paʻakai kiʻekiʻe a me ka wai hoʻoneoneo nitrogen kiʻekiʻe. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ua kāohi nui ka paʻakai kiʻekiʻe i ka hana anammoX, a ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia kēia kāohi. ʻO ka hana ammox anaerobic o ka sludge unacclimated he 67.5% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka sludge kaohi ma lalo o ka paʻakai o 30g.L-1 (NaC1). ʻO ka hana anammoX o ka sludge acclimated he 45.1% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mana. I ka wā i hoʻoili ʻia ai ka sludge acclimated mai kahi ʻano paʻakai kiʻekiʻe i kahi ʻano paʻakai haʻahaʻa (ʻaʻohe brine), ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana ammoX anaerobic e 43.1%. Eia naʻe, ua maʻalahi ka reactor i ka emi ʻana o ka hana ke holo ia i ka paʻakai kiʻekiʻe no ka manawa lōʻihi.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kaʻina hana olaola kuʻuna, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka ʻenehana wehe naikokene olaola anaerobic ammoX me ka ʻole o kahi kumu kalapona hou, ka haʻahaʻa o ka noi oxygen, ʻaʻohe pono o nā reagents e hoʻopau, a me ka emi ʻana o ka hana sludge. ʻO nā hemahema o ka anaerobic ammox, ʻo ia ka lohi o ka wikiwiki o ka hopena, nui ka nui o ka reactor, a ʻaʻole kūpono ke kumu kalapona i ka anaerobic amMOX, nona ka manaʻo kūpono no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen me ka biodegradability haʻahaʻa.

4. ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ke kaʻina hana wehe naikokene adsorption

① ʻano hoʻokaʻawale membrane

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale membrane ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka permeability koho o ka membrane e hoʻokaʻawale koho i nā ʻāpana i loko o ka wai, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana i ka ammonia nitrogen. Me ka osmosis hoʻohuli, nanofiltration, deammoniating membrane a me ka electrodialysis. ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale membrane he mau ʻano membrane, kaomi a i ʻole voltage, ka waiwai pH, ka mahana a me ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen.

Wahi a ke ʻano o ka wai o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ammonia nitrogen i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka mea hoʻoheheʻe honua laha ʻole, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻokolohua osmosis hoʻohuli me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe NH4C1 a me NaCI. Ua ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wehe ʻana o NaCI i ka osmosis hoʻohuli, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana wai o NHCl. ʻO ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o NH4C1 he 77.3% ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka osmosis hoʻohuli, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mālama mua ʻana o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ammonia nitrogen. Hiki i ka ʻenehana osmosis hoʻohuli ke mālama i ka ikehu, kūpaʻa maikaʻi ka wela, akā ʻo ke kūpaʻa chlorine, kūpaʻa haumia he maikaʻi ʻole.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻokaʻawale membrane nanofiltration biochemical e mālama i ka leachate landfill, no laila ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia he 85% ~ 90% o ka wai permeable e like me ke kūlana, a ʻo 0% ~ 15% wale nō o ka wai ʻino i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka lepo i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka pahu ʻōpala. Ua mālama ʻo Ozturki et al. i ka leachate landfill o Odayeri ma Turkey me ka membrane nanofiltration, a ʻo ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen ma kahi o 72%. Pono ka membrane Nanofiltration i ke kaomi haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka membrane osmosis hoʻohuli, maʻalahi e hana.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻōnaehana membrane wehe ammonia i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino me ka nitrogen ammonia kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa i ka nitrogen ammonia i loko o ka wai ke kaulike penei: NH4- + OH- = NH3 + H2O i ka hana, kahe ka wai ʻino me ka ammonia i loko o ka pūpū o ka module membrane, a kahe ka wai hoʻomoʻa waikawa i loko o ka paipu o ka module membrane. Ke piʻi ka PH o ka wai ʻino a piʻi paha ka mahana, e neʻe ke kaulike i ka ʻākau, a lilo ka ion ammonium NH4- i NH3 gaseous manuahi. I kēia manawa, hiki i ka NH3 gaseous ke komo i ka pae wai hoʻomoʻa waikawa i loko o ka paipu mai ka pae wai ʻino i loko o ka pūpū ma o nā micropores ma ka ʻili o ka fiber hollow, kahi i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka hopena waikawa a lilo koke i ionic NH4-. E mālama i ka PH o ka wai ʻino ma luna o 10, a ʻo ka mahana ma luna o 35 ° C (ma lalo o 50 ° C), i mea e lilo mau ai ka NH4 i ka pae wai ʻino i NH3 i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pae wai hoʻomoʻa. ʻO ka hopena, ua emi mau ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen ma ka ʻaoʻao wai ʻino. ʻO ka pae wai omo waikawa, no ka mea he waikawa a me NH4- wale nō, hana i kahi paʻakai ammonium maʻemaʻe loa, a hiki i kahi nui ma hope o ke kaʻapuni mau ʻana, hiki ke hana hou ʻia. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka wikiwiki o ka wehe ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka wai ʻino, a ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka huina o ke kumukūʻai hana o ka ʻōnaehana mālama wai ʻino.

②ʻano hana electrodialysis

ʻO ka Electrodialysis kahi ʻano hana no ka wehe ʻana i nā mea paʻa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai nā hopena wai ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi uila ma waena o nā hui membrane. Ma lalo o ka hana o ka uila, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā ion ammonia a me nā ion ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia-nitrogen ma o ka membrane i loko o ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka ammonia, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka wehe ʻana.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano electrodialysis e mālama i ka wai hoʻoneoneo inorganic me ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen a ua loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi. No 2000-3000mg /L wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen, hiki ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen ma mua o 85%, a hiki ke loaʻa ka wai ammonia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 8.9%. ʻO ka nui o ka uila i hoʻopau ʻia i ka wā o ka hana o ka electrodialysis e pili ana i ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen i loko o ka wai hoʻoneoneo. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka mālama ʻana o ka electrodialysis i ka wai hoʻoneoneo e ka waiwai pH, ka mahana a me ke kaomi, a he maʻalahi hoʻi e hana.

ʻO nā pono o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka membrane, ʻo ia ka hoʻōla hou ʻana o ka ammonia nitrogen, ka hana maʻalahi, ka hopena mālama paʻa a me ka ʻole o ka haumia lua. Eia nō naʻe, i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen kiʻekiʻe, koe wale nō ka membrane deammoniated, maʻalahi nā membrane ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui a paʻa, a pinepine ka hana hou ʻana a me ka holoi hope ʻana, e hoʻonui ana i ke kumukūʻai mālama. No laila, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o kēia ʻano hana no ka mālama mua ʻana a i ʻole ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen haʻahaʻa.

③ Ke ʻano hoʻololi ion

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻololi ion kahi ʻano e wehe ai i ka ammonia nitrogen mai ka wai hoʻoneoneo ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea me ka adsorption koho ikaika o nā ion ammonia. ʻO nā mea adsorption i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he kalapona i hoʻāla ʻia, zeolite, montmorillonite a me ka resin hoʻololi. ʻO Zeolite kahi ʻano silico-aluminate me ka ʻano spatial ʻekolu-dimensional, ka ʻano pore maʻamau a me nā lua, ma waena o ia mea he clinoptilolite kahi hiki ke koho adsorption koho ikaika no nā ion ammonia a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea adsorption no ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen i ka ʻenekinia. ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ka hopena mālama ʻana o ka clinoptilolite e pili ana i ka nui o ka ʻāpana, ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen influent, ka manawa hoʻopili, ka waiwai pH a pēlā aku.

ʻIke maopopo ʻia ka hopena adsorption o ka zeolite ma ka ammonia nitrogen, a ukali ʻia e ka ranite, a ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka hopena o ka lepo a me ka ceramisite. ʻO ke ala nui e wehe ai i ka ammonia nitrogen mai ka zeolite ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ion, a he liʻiliʻi loa ka hopena adsorption kino. Ua like ka hopena hoʻololi ion o ka ceramite, ka lepo a me ka ranite me ka hopena adsorption kino. Ua emi ka hiki ke adsorption o nā mea hoʻopihapiha ʻehā me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma ka pae o 15-35 ℃, a ua piʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka waiwai pH ma ka pae o 3-9. Ua hiki ke kaulike adsorption ma hope o 6h oscillation.

Ua aʻo ʻia ka hiki ke wehe i ka ammonia nitrogen mai ka leachate landfill ma o ka adsorption zeolite. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua he palena palena ka adsorption o 15.5mg ammonia nitrogen kēlā me kēia gram o ka zeolite, i ka wā he 30-16 mesh ka nui o ka ʻāpana zeolite, hiki i ka helu wehe o ka ammonia nitrogen i 78.5%, a ma lalo o ka manawa adsorption like, ka nui a me ka nui o ka ʻāpana zeolite, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka ammonia nitrogen influent, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu adsorption, a hiki i ka zeolite ma ke ʻano he adsorbent ke wehe i ka ammonia nitrogen mai ka leachate. I ka manawa like, ua kuhikuhi ʻia he haʻahaʻa ka helu adsorption o ka ammonia nitrogen e ka zeolite, a he paʻakikī no ka zeolite ke hiki i ka saturation adsorption capacity i ka hana maoli.

Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena wehe ʻana o ka moena zeolite olaola ma ka naikokene, COD a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kauhale i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Hōʻike nā hopena ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o ka naikokene ammonia e ka moena zeolite olaola ma mua o 95%, a ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka wehe ʻana o ka naikokene nitrate e ka manawa noho hydraulic.

Loaʻa i ke ʻano hoʻololi ion nā pono o ka hoʻopukapuka liʻiliʻi, ke kaʻina hana maʻalahi, ka hana maʻalahi, ka naʻau ʻole i ka lāʻau make a me ka mahana, a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka zeolite ma o ka hana hou ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e mālama ai i ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen kiʻekiʻe, pinepine ka hana hou ʻana, kahi e lawe mai ai i ka pilikia i ka hana, no laila pono e hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano hana mālama ammonia nitrogen ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole e hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka wai hoʻoneoneo ammonia nitrogen haʻahaʻa.

Mea Hana a me ka Mea Hoʻolako Zeolite 4A Kūʻai Nui | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)