Lapaʻau ʻana i ka wai ʻawaʻawa

ʻO ka wai ʻawaʻawa ka wai ʻōpala me ka waiwai pH ma lalo o 6. E like me nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano o nā ʻakika, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wai ʻawaʻawa i loko o ka wai ʻawaʻawa inorganic a me ka wai ʻawaʻawa organik.wai ʻakika ikaika a me nā wai ʻawaʻawa nāwaliwali;ʻO ka wai ʻōpala Monoacid a me ka wai ʻōpala polyacid;ʻO ka wai ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa a me ka wai ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe.ʻO ka wai ʻawaʻawa maʻamau, ma waho aʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi waikawa, loaʻa pinepine pū kekahi i nā ion metala kaumaha a me kā lākou mau paʻakai a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe.Loaʻa ka wai ʻawaʻawa mai nā kumu like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o kaʻu, hydrometallurgy, ka ʻōwili kila, ka mālama ʻana i ka waika honua o ke kila a me nā metala non-ferrous, ʻoihana kemika, hana ʻakika, dyes, electrolysis, electroplating, artificial fibers a me nā ʻāpana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka wai ʻawaʻawa maʻamau, ʻo ia ka wai ʻawaʻawa sulfuric, a ukali ʻia e ka waika hydrochloric a me ka wai ʻawaʻawa nitric.I kēlā me kēia makahiki, kokoke ʻo Kina e hoʻokuʻu i kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi miliona cubic mika o ka ʻōpala ʻōpala ʻoihana, inā e hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia kēia mau wai ʻino me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana, e ʻino ia i nā paipu, hōʻino i nā mea kanu, hoʻopōʻino i nā iʻa, hōʻino i nā moku, a hoʻopau i ke olakino kaiapuni.Pono e mālama ʻia ka wai ʻawaʻawa ʻoihana e hoʻokō i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu ʻāina ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ka wai ʻawaʻawa a hoʻohana hou ʻia.I ka mālama ʻana i ka waiʻawaʻawa, hiki ke koho ʻia nā ala e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka paʻakai, ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana, ke ʻano neutralization kemika, ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻana, ke ʻano resin exchange ion, ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale membrane, etc.

1. ka paʻakai i ka hana hou ʻana

ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka paʻakai ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka wai paʻakai kuʻuna e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea haumia ʻokoʻa a pau i loko o ka wai paʻakai.Eia nō naʻe, e hana kēia ʻano hana i ka waika hydrochloric a pili i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa sulfuric i loko o ka waiʻawaʻawa, no laila ua aʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ka paʻakai ʻana i nā mea haumia kūlohelohe i loko o ka waiʻona me ka sodium bisulphate saturated solution.
Aia i loko o ka ʻōpala ka waikawa sulfuric a me nā mea haumia like ʻole, ʻo ia ka nui o ka 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid a me nā isomers ʻē aʻe ma mua o 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid i hana ʻia e toluene i loko. ka hana o ka sulfonation, chlorination a me ka nitrification.ʻO ke ʻano o ka paʻakai ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka wai paʻakai paʻakai e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea haumia ʻokoʻa a pau i loko o ka wai paʻakai.ʻAʻole hiki i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe paʻakai ke wehe wale i nā mea haumia ʻokoʻa i loko o ka ʻōpala ʻōpala, akā hoʻihoʻi hou i ka waikawa sulfuric e hoʻokomo i loko o ka hana pōʻai, mālama i ke kumukūʻai a me ka ikehu.

2. ʻO ke ʻano moʻa

Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waikawa volatile e like me ka waika hydrochloric, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka hopena ma o ka ʻala ʻana e hoʻokō i ka hopena hoʻihoʻi.

3. Keʻano hoʻokaʻawale kemika

He kumu nui no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻakika i loko o ka wai ʻakika.ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻawaʻawa i loko o ka wai, ʻo ia ka neutralization a me ka hana hou ʻana, ka neutralization like ʻole o ka wai ʻawaʻawa kumu, neutralization lāʻau, filtration neutralization, etc. acid-base neutralization no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala o ka waikawa hydrochloric a me ka sulfuric acid pickling, i hiki ai ka waiwai pH i ka pae hoʻokuʻu.ʻO ka sodium carbonate (soda lehu), sodium hydroxide, limestone a i ʻole ka lime ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu no ka neutralization acid-base, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana maʻamau, maʻalahi e hana i ka lime.

4. Keʻano unuhi

ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe wai-wai, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka solvent extraction, he hana ʻāpana e hoʻohana ai i ka ʻokoʻa o ka solubility o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka wai maka i loko o ka solvent kūpono e hiki ai ke hoʻokaʻawale.I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai ʻawaʻawa, pono ia e hoʻopili piha i ka wai ʻawaʻawa a me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, no laila e hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā mea haumia i loko o ka ʻōpala.ʻO nā koi o ka extractant:(1) no ka mea ʻaʻole inert ka waika ʻōpala, ʻaʻole hoʻopili kemika me ka ʻōpala ʻōpala, a ʻaʻole hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waika ʻōpala;(2) Loaʻa i nā mea haumia i loko o ka ʻawaʻawa ʻōpala kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe i ka extractant a me ka sulfuric acid;(3) He ʻuʻuku a maʻalahi ke kumukūʻai;(4) E maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai nā haumia, nā poho liʻiliʻi i ka wā e wehe ai.ʻO nā mea unuhi maʻamau ka benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), nā phenols (creosote crude diphenol), nā hydrocarbons halogenated (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether a me N-503.

5. ion exchange resin ala

ʻO ke kumu kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa e ka resin exchange ion, ʻo ia ka hiki i kekahi o nā resins hoʻololi ion ke komo i nā ʻakika organik mai ka waiʻawaʻawaʻawaʻawa a kāpae i nā waikawa inorganic a me nā paʻakai metala e hoʻokō i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻakika like ʻole a me nā paʻakai.

6. keʻano hoʻokaʻawale membrane

No ka wai ʻawaʻawa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano lapaʻau membrane e like me ka dialysis a me ka electrodialysis.ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka membrane o ka waika ʻōpala e hoʻohana nui i ka loina o ka dialysis, ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hāmeʻa holoʻokoʻa me ka diffusion dialysis membrane, ka pā hoʻoheheʻe wai, ka pā hoʻoikaika ʻana, ka pā kahe kahe wai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a loaʻa i ka hopena kaʻawale ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea i loko o ka wai ʻōpala.

7. ʻano hoʻomālili crystallization

ʻO ke ʻano o ka crystallization hoʻoluʻu he ʻano e hoʻemi ai i ka mahana o ka hopena a hoʻoheheʻe i ka solute.Hoʻohana ʻia ia i loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻōpala e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā haumia i loko o ka ʻōpala ʻōpala e hoʻihoʻi i ka hopena waika e kūpono i nā koi a hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻakika sulfuric ʻōpala i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kaʻina acyl-holoi ʻana o kahi wili wili i loaʻa ka nui o ka ferrous sulfate, i mālama ʻia e ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana-crystallization a me ka kānana.Ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ka ferrous sulfate ma o ka kānana ʻana, hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ʻakika i ke kaʻina hana pilahi kila no ka hoʻohana mau ʻana.
He nui nā noi ʻenehana i ka crystallization cooling, i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e ke kaʻina pickling i ka hana metala.I ke kaʻina hana o ke kila a me ka mīkini hana, hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ka hopena sulfuric acid e wehe i ka ʻōpala ma ka ʻili metala.No laila, hiki i ka hana hou ʻana i ka waika ʻōpala ke hōʻemi nui i nā kumukūʻai a pale i ke kaiapuni.Hoʻohana ʻia ka crystallization cooling i ka ʻoihana e hoʻokō i kēia kaʻina hana.

8. Keʻano o ka oxidation

Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana no ka manawa lōʻihi, a ʻo ke kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea haumia i loko o ka ʻakika sulfuric ʻōpala e nā mea hoʻonaninani ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, i hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i carbon dioxide, wai, nitrogen oxides, etc., a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka ʻakika sulfuric, i hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻakika sulfuric a hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia.ʻO nā oxidants maʻamau ka hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, hypochlorous acid, nitrate, ozone a pēlā aku.Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia oxidizer kona mau pono a me nā palena.